What is the primary energy transformation performed by photovoltaic panels?

• A. Store energy chemically
• B. Convert electricity to heat
• C. Convert sunlight to electricity
• D. Convert sound to electricity

Answer: (C)

Photovoltaic panels take energy from sunlight and convert it directly into electrical energy. When sunlight hits the solar cell, photons excite electrons in the semiconductor, creating a flow of electric current through the photovoltaic effect. The result is electricity—usually direct current—that can be used as is, stored in a battery, or converted to alternating current with an inverter for home or grid use. This transformation is distinct from storing energy chemically (like a battery), converting electrical energy to heat (as a heater would), or converting sound to electricity (as a microphone does).